Imboni yeziMayini eNingizimu Afrika iyona enegalelo elikhulu kwezomnotho jikelele. Ngo 2001, umkhiqizo wasezimayini wafaka ngaphezulu kuka-6% kumkhiqizo omkhulu weZwe (GDP). Nangaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizo wamalahle, yiwona ongumthombo omkhulu wamandla asetshenziswa abaphehli bakagesi baseNingizimu Afrika ababuye bawudayisele amazwe angaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yokusansimbi nokungensimbi iyasiza kakhulu embonini yokwakha futhi yesekela ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwengqalasizinda yezwe.
Ihhovisi lokuhlola ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini (MHSI) libhekela ukuvikeleka kokuphepha nempilo yabasebenzi basezimayini nabanye abathintekayo yimisebenzi yasezimayini. Lizabalazela ukwehlisa izinga lokulimala kanye nokugula, ngalokho selihlonze izinselele iMboni yezokumbiwa Phansi ebhekene nazo.
Ezempilo zasemsebenzini kulukhuni ukuzibala nokuzilawula njengalo imithelela yomsebenzi empilweni yomuntu kungelula ukuthi isheshe ibonakale. Izifo zamaphaphu nje kanye nokulahlekelwa ukuzwa ngenxa yomsindo kuyizinto ezimbili ezimqoka kakhulu emkhakheni wezempilo ezimayini, ezidalwa ukusebenza endaweni enomoya onukubezekile kanye nenomsindo omkhulu isikhathi eside.
Izimayini zegolide yizona ezinabasebenzi abaningi eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi kuneminye imikhakha; ngakho-ke abasebenzi bazo basengcupheni enkulu yokuthola izifo ezihambisana nomgudu wokuphefumula kunabanye bezinye izimayini. Isifo samaphaphu esikhathaza kakhulu kunezinye ezimayini zegolide yilesi esibizwa nge "silikhosisi", esiye sitholakale kuzo zonke izimayini zetshe elilukhuni, emsebenzini wokwembiwa kwamihume, ukumbiwa nokugaywa kwetshe, lapho okuye kudedeleke kuphephuke khona izinhlayiyana ze-silikha. Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo eziphefumulisa isilikha kanye naso isifo se-silicosis, kudala ingcuphe yokuthola isifo sofuba. i-Silikhosisi iyinkinga enkulu nasezimayini zamalahle.
Kuya ngokwanda ukubona umsindo njengento edala ukugula kubasebenzi basembonini yezokumbiwa phansi eNingizimu Afrika. Lemboni yethula izinhlelo zokuvikela ukuzwa (HCP's) ngo-1988, ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi eminingi eyenziwa la kudonswa amamineral ibidala ukuthi kube nenani elikhulu labasebenzi abasebenza emsindweni ongaphezulu kwesilinganiso esemukelekile ngokusemthethweni nesiphephile sika-85 dB.
Yize sekuthatshathwe lawo manyathelo obuchwepheshe bokuzama ukulawula ubungcuphe bomsindo, inkinga yomsindo isayilokhu ibelesele. Kuyalinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka -68 no-80% wabasebenzi basezimayini basebenza ngaphansi komsindo ongu-85 dB kumbe ngaphezulu, lokho okuyizinkomba zokuthi iningi lalaba basebenzi lisengozini yokulahlekelwa ukuzwa.
Izimayini ezibhekene nenselelo enkulu malungana nezokuphepha kwasemsebenzini yilezo zegolide ne platinum. Kuleminyaka embalwa eyedlule, kwandile ukumbiwa kweplatinamu, kwadaleka nemisebenzi eminingi. Okubi ke ngalokhu ukuthi nezinga lokulimala nalo likhuphukile. Osekutholakele manjena ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa nokuqashelwa emkhakheni we platinum kuyashiywa yilokhu ukwanda.
Imboni yokumbiwa kwegolide iyona ehola phambili ngezingozi zasezimayini, ngenxa yobunzulu bomsebenzi kanye nokugqojwa kwamatshe. Yize kuye kwancipha kakhulu ukusebenza ezimayini zegolide eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, lokhu kwehla komsebenzi akubonakalisi ukuphucuka kwezinga lokuphepha esikhathini esifanayo. Noma kungakhona ukwahluka hluka ngenxa yezinhlobo zomsebenzi wokumbiwa phansi kanjalo nokwehluka kwamazinga obungcuphe ezimweni zokusebenza ezimayini, lezi zimo zobungcuphe emsebenzini zinemfuno yokuthi kwandiswe ulawulo olunempumelelo.
Izibalo zikhomba ukuthi ukudilika komhlaba kuseyilona hlobo lwengozi olwenzeka kakhulu noluyimbangela yokufa kwabantu ezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ukulahleka kwempilo kanye nenani lokulimala okuhlasimulisa umzimba okwenzekayo manje kule mboni kungehliswa ngokukhetha nokusebenzisa amasu afanelekile okulawula kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kugcinwa amazinga aphezulu okulawula izigaba nokuhleleka kokumbiwa phansi.
Ukuphepha kwasezimayini ezincane nakho kuyakhathaza ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lezingozi ezenzeka khona. Kutholakale ukuthi imbangela yalokhu kube ukuqeqeshwa okukhawukayo nemithombo engenele. Abasebenzi kulumkhakha badinga ukusizwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuPhepha eziMayini kanti sekuqalwe imikhankaso eyehluka hlukene ukuhlinzeka ukweseka okunesidingo. iHhovisi elihlola ezokuphepha nezeMpilo eziMayini (MHSI) leseka imikhankaso esabalele, njengokugqugquzelwa kwezimayini ezincane. Ekugcineni leli hhovisi liyingxenye yomzabalazo wokulwa ne-HIV/AIDS. Lesekela imikhankaso yokwazisa umphakathi kanye nemibhidlango okuqondwe ngayo ukuba kwehliswe izinga lokubhilita kwe-HIV/AIDS eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi. Libuye lididiyele ikomidi elinxantathu elibhekele i-HIV/AIDS emkhakheni wezimayini.
Yize izinselelo ezibhekene nomkhakha wokumbiwa phansi ziziningi futhi zibanzi, uhlelo oluqinile lokubambisana kwababambiqhaza bonke, okungabasebenzi abaqashi kanye nohulumeni kungaba isisekelo esihle okungasetshenzelwa kuso.
UMnyango wezokuMbiwa Phansi naMandla (DME) wengamele ngendlela enempumelelo kakhulu kuzimboni zamaminerali namandla eNingizimu Afrika ukuqinisekisa ukukhula nokuthuthuka komnotho. Enye yezinjongo zawo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zimboni ziyizindawo zokusebenzela eziphephile nezinempilo. Ihhovisi lokuhlola ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini (MSHI) lenza lomsebenzi-ke egameni lomnyango u-DME, kanti lombhalo ugxile ikakhulukazi kulona.
Ihhovisi lokuhlola ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini (MHSI) lasungulelwa ukuvikela ukuphepha nempilo yabasebenzi nabanye abantu ezimayini. Inhloso mbono yalo ukubhekana nesibopho salo ngobuqotho nangendlela ekhombisa ubungoti, enempumelelo nenemithelela emihle ngokuhambisana namazinga abekiwe kuleli nakwamanye amazwe kwezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini.
Imisebenzi ehamba phambili ye-MHSI ukuhlola izimayini, ukucubungula nokucwaninga ngezingozi kanye nezinye izehlo ezihambisana nezempilo nezokuphepha, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho olawula ezeMpilo nokuPhepha eziMayini (MHSA) wama-29 we-1996, uyagcinwa, okuyiwona futhi ojube lelihhovisi lezokuhlola ukuba lenze lomsebenzi. Amandla e-MHSI okufezekisa uMthetho ambandakanya ukukhishwa kwezaziso zokugcinwa komthetho kanjalo nokuvalwa kwezimayini, ukuhlawulisa kanjalo nokwenza izincomo mayelana nokushushiswa kwezephulamthetho.
Inhloso ye-MHSI ukuqinisekisa ukukhishwa ngokuphepha kwamaminerali nokuthi kusetshenzwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinempilo.
Ukuhlelwa kangcono kwemithethonqubo emveni kokubonisana kabanzi nabo bonke ababambiqhaza bemboni.
Ubudlelwano obunxantathu, ukuhlolisisiwa kwengcuphe, ukucutshungulwa kwezinhlelo okuhleliwe, ukuhlola okusemthethweni kanye nokwenziwa ngezikhathi ezinqunyiwe, ukucwaninga, kanye nokuphenya, konke kuyingxenye esemqoka yemisebenzi yehhovisi lokuhlola ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini ukuze kubonkale imiphumela. Ihhovisi lezokuhlola-ke kodwa, lidinga ukusizwa yiwona wonke umphakathi wasezimayini ukuze lifinyelelele kulezi zimpokophelo ngoba wonke umuntu uzozuza.
Abasebenzi basezimayini basebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaba yingozi ngenxa yomsindo, ukundindizela, ukushisa nokubanda, ukusebenza kanzima okuphindaphindiwe, amakhemikhali ayingozi, inunzi, kanye namagesi anezinga eliphezulu lobuthi nezintuli. Baye bahlushwe izifo zokungezwa kahle, isilikhosisi, i-nyumokhoniyosisi, ufuba, isifo setsheboya kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Bavulekele ezingozini ezifana nokudilika komhlaba, izinhlelo zokuthutha nemishini ehambayo, amagesi anokulanguka kanye nezintuli zamalahle. Lokhu kuthatha izimpilo unyaka nonyaka. Ngakho-ke, kusemqoka kakhulu ukuthi kulawulwe ukuphepha nezempilo zasemsebenzini ezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika ngokusebenzisa uMthetho i-MHSA kanye nemithetho-mgomo yawo.
IKhomishani yokuphenya ka-Leon eyabe iphenya ngokuphepha nempilo eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi yabe iholwa ngumeHluleli oHloniphekile u- R.N. Leon. iNhloso yayo kwabe kungukuphenya zonke izinhlangothi zokulawulwa ngokomthetho kwezempilo nokuphepha eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi kanye nokwenza izincomo kuMmongameli woMbuso. Loku kwambandakanya ukwenziwa ngcono kwemithetho-mgomo eyabe ikhona kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ngendlela esezingeni elemukeleke umhlaba wonke kanye nezimo ezazikhona embonini. iKhomishani yajutshwa ngoMeyi we-1993. Yabamba imihlangano embandakanya umphakathi ngo -Agasti nango-Septemba we-1994 yase ishicilela umbiko kanye nezincomo ngo-Apreli we-1995.
UMthetho we-MHSA uyivikela kanjani impilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi nabanye abantu ezimayini?
Nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho zeNingizimu Afrika mayelana nomthetho womhlaba ziyagcinwa.
Kungabe izinxephezelo zabasebenzi uma belimele emsebenzini zilawulwa umthetho nazo?
Mayelana nezempilo nokuPhepha eziMayini, kungabe ikhona yini eminye imithetho eyengeziwe ukubhekela iMboni yezokumbiwa Phansi?
I-MHSA, okuyiwona mthetho ohamba phambili ekulawulweni kwezempilo nokuphepha emsebenzini wasezimayini, inika uNgqongqoshe amandla okwakha uhlaka lwemithethomigomo. Izingxenye zalo ezisemqoka yimithethomgomo, kanye nemihlahlandlela yenqubo yokuziphatha eyisibopho. Uhlaka lokulawula lwakhelwa ukuba kufezeke izinjongo zoMthetho bese lwethula izimfuno zawo. NgokwesiGaba-80 , uNgqongqoshe unakho ukuthi afake eminye imithetho emayini emveni kokubonisana noMkhandlu wezempilo nokuPhepha eziMayini bese lokho ekushicilela kuGazethi kaHulumeni. Ngokubonisana noNgqongqoshe wezeMpilo kanye noMkhandlu wezempilo nokuPhepha eziMayini, uNgqongqoshe unakho ukubuye engeze ku MHSA iSheduli ezokumisa kumbe iguqule ukusetshenziswa koMthetho weziFo ezitholakala eMsebenzini wasezimayini, (okunguMthetho No. 78 we-1973), ngaphandle kokuphathelene nokunquma ngenkokhelo yesinxephezelo. Kukhona eminye imiThetho eye isetshenziswe eMbonini yezokumbiwa Phansi, isibonelo, uMthetho oPhathelene naManzi kanye noMthetho weziQhumane. Lena ke kodwa ingaphandle kwendima yalo mbhalo.
Yiwaphi amalungelo nemisebenzi yabantu abasebenza ezimayini?
UMthetho ugcizelela lawo malungelo ayisisekelo emukelwa emhlabeni wonke kumkhakha wezempilo nokuphepha. Lawa-ke amalungelo okuzimbandakanya kwezempilo nokuphepha, ilungelo lokuthola ulwazi oluphathelene nezempilo nokuphepha, ilungelo lokuthola ukuqeqeshwa kanye nelungelo lokuhoxa lapho kunengozi endaweni yokusebenza. Kunemidanti-ke ehlinzekela ukuqokwa nokusebenza kwalabo abamele abasebenzi namakomidi ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini. UMthetho wethwesa abantu abasebenza ezimayini kumbe abantu abathintekayo ngokwenzeka ezimayini ijoka lemisebenzi esemqoka.
Kungabe i- MHSI yadaleka kanjani nini futhi?
IKhomishani kaLeon kany enezinhlangano ezazinentshisekelo ezethula ubufakazi kuyo ikhomishani, bavumelana ngo "elethu" mgokuthi ihhovisi lezokuhlola izimayini labe lithwele kanzima ngenxa yezinye izibopho ezazingahlangene nezempilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi. Kwabe sekwenziwa isincomo sokuthi kusungulwe i MHSI, eyabe izokugxila kuzindaba zezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini.
Lezi zikhungo ezinxantathu ke ezimele izinhla ezintathu, zasungulwa ukuze zigqugquzele isiko lezempilo nokuphepha, ukwakha imithetho-mgomo kanye nokuqapha ucwaningo lwezempilo nokuphepha. Esokuqala salezi zikhungo, iMHSC, seluleka uNgqongqoshe malungana nokuphathelene nezempilo nokuphepha ngesandla soMhloli oPhetheyo eziMayini (CIOM), kanti amakomidi aphakade amathathu ke wona (MRAC, MOHAC kanye ne SIMRAC) eluleka uMkhandlu ngemithetho-migomo, ezempilo zasemsebenzini, kanye nocwaningo lwezempilo nokuphepha ngokulandelana.
I-MQA kudingeka ukuba yeluleke uNgqongqoshe ngezindaba eziphathelene nokuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa, kanye nokumiswa kwamazinga emfundo nawokuqeqesha ngokuhambisana noMthetho wokuThuthukiswa kwamaKhono.
Ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuguqulweni kweMboni yezokumbiwa Phansi.
Ekuphepheni, ezempilo, emkhiqizweni, kanye nasekuncintisaneni kwemboni.
Ekukhuthazeni ukufinyelela kwimfundo yekhethelo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwawo wonke umuntu.
Ekulungiseni ukungalingani kwaphambilini kwezemfundo nokuqeqesha.
Ukuthuthukisa amaZinga ayiziLinganiso kanye nokuFundela lomkhakha.
Ukugcina amaZinga, ukuFundela kanye nokuHlinzekwa kweMfundo okuseqophelweni.
Ukuthuthukisa nokuPhumelelisa iSu lamaKhono kuMkhakha.
Ukwaba isondlo eziqoqwa ngeNtela yokuThuthukiswa kwamaKhono.
Ukusungula, ukubhalisa, ukwengamela nokukhuthaza ukuphathwa kwezinhlelo zokuqeqesha nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono.
Kungabe lisho ukuthini igama elithi 'nxantathu na?
Lichaza abambiqhaza ababheke ukuhambisa izinhlelo (umbuso, izinhlangano zabasebenzi kanye nabaqashi) kanye neqhaza labo ekwakhiweni kwemithetho nasekuthathweni kwezinqumo. Izinqumo ezithathwe ngokubambisana kumbe emveni kokubonisana kwababambi-liqhaza zizokuba nesisindo futhi zemukeleke kalula.
Ukukhuthazwa koHlelo lwezeMpilo nokuPhepha eziMayini kuqinisekisa ukwembiwa kwamaminerali okuphephile nangaphansi kwezimo ezinempilo, kanti uHlelo oluThuthukisa amaMinerali lukhuthaza ukwembiwa kwmaminerali okuhlelekile nokuqhubekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamaminerali. Ekugcineni, uHlelo lokuPhathwa kwaMandla luthuthukisa imithombo yamandla futhi lukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu.
Ukwengamela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imboni yamaminerali namandla iphephile futhi inempilo.
Ukwakha nokuphumelelisa inqubomgomo engujikelele yamaminerali namandla ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kuze kufike emkhawukweni kwemithombo yamandla.
Ukubeka imboni yamaminerali namandla ezimweni sokuncintisana emazingeni omhlaba.
Ukuba negalelo ekuthuthukeni ngempumelelo okusimeme kwemithombo yamaminerali namandla.
Ukulungisa ukungalingani kwaphambilini kanye nokukhuthaza ukwabiwa okulinganayo kwenzuzo etholakala ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yamaminerali namandla.
Ngalokho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi ihhovisi lezokuhlola, njengengxenye ye-DME linesibopho sokuhambisana nokucabangela izinjongo zikahulumeni kwezomnotho zokugcina izimboni ezinempumelelo futhi eziseqophelweni lokuncintisana kwezamaminerali namandla.
I-MHSI iphumelelisa imithetho. Ngalokho-ke isemqoka kangangawo umthetho we MHSA, njengalokhu ubugugu bemithetho enezinhloso ezinhle buyalahleka uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukuhlinzekela ukugcinwa kwayo.
Libamba iqhaza ekubekweni kwamazinga nemithetho eseqophelweni lomhlaba futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho zeNingizimu Afrika zoMthetho woMhlaba eziphathelene nezempilo nokuphepha ziyagcinwa.
ImiSebenzi ehamba phambili ye-MHSI ukuhlola izimayini, ukuphenya nokucubungula ngezingozi nezinye izehlakalo kwezempilo nokuphepha kanye nokuqinisekisa ukulandelwa koMthetho.
Ngaphezu kokuhlola izimayini okujwayelekile okusemthethweni, kungabe ihhovisi lezokuhlola kudingeka ukuba libuye lenzeni?
Lekelele ekunqunyweni kwezintela.
iHhovisi elikhulu lakwa MHSI lineqhaza lobuholingokwengamela, ukulawula kanye nokusebenzisana namaHhovisi okuHlola aseziFundeni. iHhovisi elikhulu lakwa- MHSI libuye libe nesibopho sokuthuthukisa umgomo nomthetho futhi likhipha imihlahla-ndlela malungana nokubhalwa kwemiGomo yoKusebenza, kanye neminye imibhalo ebonisa indlela neyelulekayo kulemboni.
UMthetho unikeza uNgqongqoshe amandla okuqoka uMhloli oPhetheyo (CIOM) njengesiphathimandla esiphezulu kunazo zonke ehhovisi lezokuhlola i MHSI. U- CIOM wenza imisebenzi ayinikezwa umthetho ngokulawulwa nokukhokhelwa uNgqongqoshe.
Ukushicilela isu lonyaka lokuzobe kwenziwa yihhovisi lezokuhlola.
AmaHhovisi aPhetheyo amathathu asehhovisi elikhulu, ngokubambisana ne- CIOM anesibopho sokwakha umhlahlandlela jikelele, ukuhlelela nokulawula uhlelo lwezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini kanjalo nosungula umgomo wamazinga ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini.
AmaSekela amathathu oMhloli oMkhulu weziMayini bengamele ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini kuzimayini ezinkulu ngamahhovisi aphetheiGolide nePlathinamu, izimayini zamalahle nokwangaphandle kogu kanye nezinye izimayini. lamaHhovisi aPhetheyo amathathu abuye alawule futhi asebenzisane namahhovisi ayisishiyagalolunye kuzifundazwe angaphansi kwawo. AmaHhovisi ayisiphesheli okuPhepha eziMayini, Imishini yaseziMayini, Ezempilo zasemsebenzini, Ezokwelapha emsebenzini kanye nokuDatshulwa koMhlaba nawo angaphansi kwalawamaHhovisi.
Kungabe amaHhovisi aPhetheyo (kumikhiqizo emikhulu) aqhathaniseka kanjani mayelana namazinga ezempilo nokuphepha?
IMboni yokuMba iGolide iyona enegalelo elikhulu ezingozini eziphathelene nezimayini ngenxa yokuthi inabasebenzi abaningi kakhulu abasebenza ukwemba. Izindawo eziningi zomsebenzi zisendaweni engamamitha evile ku 3000 ngaphansi komhlaba futhi uma ukumba kuya ngokudepha ikakhulukazi esikhathini eside ukusakazeka kwamadwala nakho kuya ngokuwakhuphula amathuba ezingozi ezimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimayini ziya ngokuya zifuna ukuyokumba ezindaweni ebezibekwe eceleni phambilini (amarisevu), ngenxa yokuthi bokungezuba nambuyiselo kwezomnotho ukwenze njalo. Lezi zindawo zimbandakanya izinsika ezisemgodini ezinedumela elibi ngezingozi ezihambisana nokumbiwa komkhiqizo. Uphahla oluqhekeke kakhulu, ingcindezi emadwaleni kanye nezinkinga eziyamaniswa nokuhanjiswa komoya ngomgudu omude odlula ezindaweni ezazikade ziyizimayini kudala, ngezinye zezinkinga okuvame ukuhlangatshezanwa nazo ezimayini zegolide.
Isinxephezelo esikhokhelwa abasebenzi abanezifo zamaphaphu kanye nasebashiya emsebenzini kwiMboni yokuMba iGolide siyilokhu siphezulu eqhulwini. IMboni yokuMba iGolide iyona eqashe abasebenzi abaningi kuneminye imikhiqizo eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi. Yingakho kufanele iphucule izimo zokusebenza ukuze ihlinzeke indawo yokusebenzela enempilo kubasebenzi. IMHSI ibambe iqhaza elihamba phambili ekuvimbeleni izifo zesifuba ngokuhlola nangokuphumelelisa uMthetho nemithetho-mgomo ehambisana nawo.
Enye yezinkinga ezivamile nezinkulu kunazo zonke kwezasendaweni yomsebenzi ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa okudalwa umsindo. iZimayini zegolide, ngenxa yenani eliphezulu labasebenzi bazo, zinenani eliphezulu labasebenzi abembulekele amazinga aphezulu omsindo. Loku kwembuleleka kulimaza iziboyana ezisendlebeni engaphakathi ezicosha umsindo kanjalo futhi zilimaza imizwa yokuzwa. Ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa okudalwa umsindo kungavimbeleka ngokuvama kokusetshenziswa kwezivikeli ezinjengezivimbo ezifakwa endlebeni.
Enye inkinga yezempilo zasemsebenzini ehambisana nokwembiwa kwegolide, ukwembuleleka kununzi. Onke amadwala nezimhlabathi iqukeizinhlayiyana zenunzi, i-uranium kanye ne-thorium. Ukuba khona kwazo endaweni lapho kunabantu khona, kuhlangene nokuhlaba kwemisebe eqhamuka emkhathini ihlaba emhlabeni kanye nezinhlayiyana zenunzi ezikhiqizwa yile misebe, kuye ngaso sonke isikhathi kudale ukuthi abantu bazithole bembuleleke kulemisebe.
Lokhu kubeka izimayini zegolide ngaphansi kwengcuphe enkulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izimayini. Kwenye inkathi, lokhu kwembuleleka okukhulu kangaka kusemqoka futhi kudinga kulawulwe ukuze kuvikeleke impilo yabasebenzi kanye namalungu omphakathi. Kukhona imisebe yeninzi futhi eqhamuka lapho kusetshenzwa ezimayini kanye nesezimbonini zokusansimbi.
Ingxenye ebhekele ezenunzi kwiHhovisi lezempilo zasemsebenzini yasungulelwa ukulawula lengozi yemisebe. Yize selehlile kakhulu inani labasebenzi ezimayini zegolide eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, lokhu kuncipha akuhambisani nokwanda kokuphepha esikhathini esifanayo.
Ngakho-ke, iqhaza le-MHSI lokufezekisa umthetho ezimayini zegolide lisemqoka kakhulu kulesi sikhathi samanje, kodwa lisemqoka nakakhulu ngezinsuku ezizayo ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho.
Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, umkhiqizo we-plathinamu uye wakhuphuka kakhulu, kanjalo nenani labaqashwa lakhuphuka ngokufanayo. Ngeshwa-ke, lokhu kuhambisane nokwanda kwezingozi.
Ubunjiniyela kwezamadwala busemqoka kakhulu kulomkhakha, ngoba ukuwa kwamadwala kunegalelo impela ezingozini eziningi. Ukundindizela kwamadwala kwimboni yeplathinamu, akuzidali izingozi eziningi eziphathelene nokuwa kwamadwala njengokwasezimayini zegolide. Ukundindizela kulemboni kuvame ukuhambisana nokuqhuma okudalwa yingcindezi okuye kwenzeke lapho kusuke kusetshenzwa khona.
Ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kweplathinamu, kuhambisana nesibopho sokuqinisekisa uqeqesho olufanelekile. Izingozi zibonakala zikhuphuka kulomkhakha, lokho okuyizinkomba zokuthi uqeqesho alwenele.
Ukwanda kuzingozi kanye nokufa kwabantu kwimboni eyemba iplathinamu, kokhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi I-MHSI ineqhaza elisemqoka ngempela, kanti lokho kudinga makuhambisane nokwesekelwa yimboni.
Umkhakha wokumbiwa kwamalahle usebenzia imishini isikhathi esiningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bambalwa abantu abambulekele izingozi ezingahle zithinte impilo nokuphepha kwabo. Amazinga okufa emkhakheni wamalahle asehlile kule minyaka esanda kudlula kanti manje asefinyelele kuzigaba ezingaqhathaniseka namazinga omhlaba. Kuyimpumelelo enkulu engaziqhenya ngayo futhi eyinselele kwiMboni yezokumbiwa Phansi yokuthi iphucule ukwenza kwayo.
Okudumazayo kodwa ke yiphesenti labantu abembuleleke kakhulu kuzinukubezi ezihamba nomoya. Ukwembuleleka isikhathi eside kuzinukubezi ezihamba nomoya njengezintuli ezidalwa amalahle kungadala izifo zamaphaphu ezinjenge-nyumokhosisi yabasebenzi basezimayini zamalahle. I-nyumokhosisi yabasebenzi basezimayini zamalahle idalwa ukuhogela izintuli ezidalwa amalahle ezishubile esikhathini esingaphezulu kweminyaka engu 10-15 bese kuphetha ngokuthi kulimale iphaphu ngenxa yokukhukhumala kwesicubu kanye nokucinana.
Izimboni zedayimane nepetroliyamu zangaphandle kogu eNingizimu Afrika zembulela abatshuzi kuzindawo zokusebenzela ezingaba yingozi, njengokuthi babone bufiliba, bahlangabezane namadwala anyakazayo ngaphansi kwamanzi, babhajwe futhi balimale, kanjalo nokutholwa yinqwaba yezinye izifo ezihambisana nokutshuza njengokubaqaka kwamaphaphu nokuhlukumezeka komgudu wokuphefumula.
Imisebenzi yangaphandle kogu imbandakanya imikhankaso yokucwaninga. Lemikhankaso ikhomba ukuthi kufanele kufakwe imithombo engaphezulu kwefakiwe ekufindiseni nasekuqeqesheni ngezomsebenzi wangasogwini, njengalo esikhathini esizayo bezokwanda abantu abambuleleke kuzimo ezingaba yingozi kwezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini uma sekuqala umsebenzi wokumba kuzi ziza zokuhlola indawo.
Ezinye izimayini zimbandakanya izimboni ezincane ezinjengokumbiwa kwedayimane, insimbi engakahluzwa ne-chromu, ibumba, isihlabathi kanye netshe lika khonkolo. Ukwehluka-hluka kwezehlo zokulimala nezokufa kulezi zimayini kungase kube kudalwa ukuba khona kwemikhankaso embalwa emisha futhi emincane ekhuphula inani labasebenzi abembulekekile.
Ezempilo zasemsebenzini ziyinto ekhathazayo nesemqoka nakwezinye izimayini. Isifo setsheboya siseyinkinga yize izimayini zeTsheboya zingasekho kwelaseNingizimu Afrika. Lezo ezabe zikhona phambilini zashiya umlandu omubi wezindawo ezingabuyiselwanga ezimweni sazo, okumanjena nje ziyabuyiselwa esimweni.
Kodwa-ke, kusekuningi okufanele makwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwembuleleka kwitsheboya elisasilele kulezi zindawo kulezi zindala kugcina ngokupheliswa nya. Izinhlayiya zetsheboya ezihogelekile azikwazi ukuncibikaliswa uhlelo lomzimba lokuzivikela, ngakho-ke zidala izibazi nokulimala okuqhubekayo kwamaphaphu. Ukukhukhumala kwesicubu nokudaleka kwezibazi kuvimbela ukungena komoya-mpilo nokuphuma kwesikhutha phakathi kwezikhwanyana zomoya nasemgudwini wegazi, bese lokho kudala ukuthi ukuphefumula kungabe kusawenza umsebenzi ofanele. Ukuvuvukala kwesicubu kuya ngokuya kuqhubeka yize umuntu engasekho kuleyo ndawo enetsheboya. Ngakho-ke, I-MHSI yenza imizamo emikhulu yokuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwalezi zindawo esimweni esifanelekile.
Inhloso yehhovisi elikhulu elengamele ezinye izimayini ukuvikela izimpilo nokuphepha kwabantu abathintekayo yiMboni yeziMayini eNingizimu Afrika ngokuba kugcinwe amazinga emukelekile kuleli nangancintasana futhi aqhathaniseke nawomhlaba wonke. Lisebenzisana kahle nabo bonke ababambiqhaza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho, izinqubomigomo kanye nokuqapha okuseqophelweni kuyagcinwa ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Eminye imisebenzi yokuphatha.
IHhovisi lezokuPhepha eziMayini isikakhulukazi lenza ucwaningo, lisize ngokuphenywa kwezingozi bese linikeza usizo lobungoti kuzifunda kanye neHhovivi eliyiNhloko. Libuye libambe iqhaza kumakomidi anxantathu. Usizo lobungcweti lumbandakanya ukwluleka ngemihlahlandlela kanye nezaziso ngemithetho emisha, imithethomgomo kanye nezimfuno, kanjalo nangobuchwepheshe obusha.
IHhovisi lezokuPhepha eziMayini linamahhovisana amathathu angaphansi kwalo, lawo ke abhekele ukuPhepha eziMayini ekumbiweni kwamalahle, ukumbiwa okudephile kokusansimbi, kanye nezinye izimayini. Lawa mahovisi abuye engamele iziQhumane, ubuNjiniyela bamaDwala kanye nokuQeqeshwa ngokulandelana.
IHhovisi lezokuPhepha eziMayini lizikhathaza ngezinkinga ezingahle zivele esikhathini esizayo ezingahle zivele ziphazamise ukuPhepha eziMayini. Ukumbiwa okujulile kwegolide kuyinto eliqondene nayo ngqo leli hhovisi njengalo ukugqojwa kwezinsika kanye nezinsalela ezisekujuleni kuye kudale ukungasimami kwamatshe lokho okudala isimo sokusebenza esiyingozi. leliHhovisi libuye lenze ucwaningo kanye nemikhankaso eyisiphesheli ukuxazulula izinkinga, njengoMkhankaso wezimayini ezimba ekuJuleni.
Omunye umkhankaso weHhovisi lezokuPhepha eziMayini yilowo weKhomishani le-Rockburst, eliphenya ngemiGomo yokuSebenza eziMayini kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nemiHlahla-ndlela yokuLwa nokudilika kwamadwala kanye nezingozi zokuqhuma kwamadwala. IHhovisi lezokuPhepha eziMayini libuye libambe iqhaza kumkhankaso wobuchwepheshe ezimayini i "Coaltech 2020 project". Nangaphezu kwalokho, izimayini ezintsha ezincane zandisa ingozi kukuPhepha eziMayini njengalo abasebenzi bazo bebasha futhi bengakaqeqesheki nolwazi lwabo luluncane ngomthetho we-MHSA kanye nemithethomgomo engaphansi kwawo. Ngalokho liye lazise ngalo mthetho bese linikeza usizo kulezi zimayini ngokuhlola izinhlelo zazo zokubhekisisa ubungcuphe bomsebenzi wazo nokunikeza izeluleko ngokuphucula umsebenzi wazo.
IHhovisi lezokuPhepha eziMayini libuye libambe iqhaza elisemqoka ekusebenzeni kweKomidi lokuCwaninga leLuleke ngokuPhepha ezimayini (SIMRAC), okungelinye lamakomidi aphakade elulekayo oMkhandlu wezeMpilo nokuPhepha eziMayini (MHSC). Ngaphezu kokweluleka I-MHSC ngokubheka isimo sobungcuphe nokuphepha ezimayini, kanye nesidingo socwaningo ngezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini, i-SIMRAC ibuye ilungise ucwaningo lwaminyaka yonke olufanele luvunyelwe uMkhandlu. Kungekudala nje, i-SIMRAC isizinike ukusiza nokuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kolwazi, ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe kany enokuhlolwa nokuphunyeleliswa kwezixazululo eziholela ekuthenini kube khona ubungcono kuzimo nokwenza kwezempilo nezokuphepha emsebenzini.
Ihhovisi lemishini yaseziMayini lisiza ngokuthuthukisa imithetho kanye namazinga, okwemukeleka kuleli nasemhlabeni wonke nevikela abasebenzi basezimayini kwezempilo nokuphepha. Libuye liqinisekise ukuthi amaqophelo obunjiniyela ayagcinwa futhi aba yingxenye yoHlaka oluPhehla amaZinga.
Lizimbandakanya kumikhankaso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulandelwa izinqubo ezingcono kunazo zonke ezimayini. Eminye yale mikhankaso yobunjiniyela imbandakanya ucwaningo ngezinhlelo ezihambisa impahla ngebhande, ngezimoto eziyizikheqane ezisetshenziselwa ukuthutha abantu ngaphansi emathunjini omhlaba kanye nokusebenza kwabantu ngobunjiniyela bezinqola zasezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leliHhovisi lilawula ukuhlolelwa iziTifiketi zokuSebenza Kahle kwawoNjiniyela, zabaShayeli beziNjini ezizungezayo, kanye nabaShayeli beziNqola zaseMayini.
Ucwaningo lwaseziMayini, lokubhalwa kwamabalazwe kanye nokudweba luye luyilokhu luqaphe amazinga ocwaningo lwaseziMayini nezinkambiso ukuze kuthuthukiswe isiko lokuphepha nelempilo; lubhekisise ukusetshenziswa komhlaba obukade uyimayini ngezinhloso zentuthuko; kanjalo nokusetshenziswa ngokuphelele kwemithombo yamaminerali. Eminye imisebenzi okubalulekile ukuba yenziwe, ukuhlonzwa kwezimo ezingaba yingozi kanye nokulawulwa kwezimo ezinobungcuphe kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abasha.
Nangokuxhumanisa ucwaningo kwezemithi namarekhodi ezempilo zasemsebenzini ngokuhambisana nohlelo lezokwelapha emsebenzini.
IHhovisi lezeMpilo zaseMsebenzini libuye lisebenze ukwakha izinhlaka zamazinga nezomthetho, kanjalo libuye lakhe imigomo. Lihlinzeka izeluleko eziwubungcweti kuzifunda bese lizelekelela ngocwaningo nophenyo olunzulu. IHhovisi lezeMpilo zaseMsebenzini libuye enze ucwaningo lomsebenzi, lihlole abaHloli beziFunda, lihlinzeke uqeqesho, lihlonze intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi bese liqinisekisa ukuthi okungahle kudale ingozi kuyabhekisiswa ngokwenele. Libuye libe yingxenye yezinhlaka ezakhiwe ngokomthetho, lisebenze ngokubambisana nomphakathi nezinkampani zezimayini, ligunyaze okwakhelwe ukuvikela umgudu wokuphefumula, futhi lihambisa imikhankaso yocwaningo.
IHhovisi lezeMpilo zaseMsebenzini lisebenzisana eduze neKomidi eleLuleka ngezeMpilo zaseMsebenzini waseziMayini Mining Occupational Health Advisory Committee MOHAC, eleluleka uMkhandlu wezeMpilo nokuPhepha eziMayini ngokuphathelene nezempilo. Lezo ndaba zimbandakanya imigomo kanye nemithetho-mgomo ephathelene nezempilo, izinhlelo ezinqunyiwe nezinkambiso zokuhlola, ukugwema, ukuqeda, ukulawula nokunciphisa okungaba yingozi kwezempilo, ucwaningo ngezempilo, kanye nokuqoqwa, ukulungiswa kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemininingwane yezempilo eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi.
Ezokwelapha emsebenzini kumayelana nokuvinjelwa, nokushesha kokuhlonzwa kwesifo esikumuntu, ukwelashwa kanye nokuhlehlisa izigulo, ukulimala kanye nemothelela emibi empilweni ephathelene nalolo hlobo lomsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, injongo yeHhovisi lezokweLapha emSebenzini ukuhlinzeka uhlolo nocwaningo-msebenzi kwezokwelashwa emsebenzini oluseqophelweni lomhlaba okuhloswe ngakho ukuba kuqedwe okungaba yingozi nesikhubekiso, kusetshenziswa izindlela einhle kunazo zonke ezingaba khona, ukuze ngalokho kugqugquzeleke futhi kuvikeleke impilo-nhle yabo bonke abasebenzi baseMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi.
IHhovisi lezokweLapha eMsebenzini lengamele AmaHhovisi okuHlola ezokweLapha kuzifunda ezehluka-hlukene. Lakha izinhlaka zamazinga omthetho eziphathelene nezempilo, lenza ucwaningo lwezempilo futhi linenqolobane egcina ulwazi oluphathelene nezifo ezitholakala uma kusetshenzwa ezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika (I-SAMODD), okutholakala kuyona imininingwane nemibiko yezempilo yasezimayini.
Abahloli baye benze ucwaningo-msebenzi ukufaka igalelo kuzinhloso zeHhovisi zokuphumelelisa nokugcwalisa umthetho i-MHSA. Ngakho-ke, abahloli bacubungula isimo sesizinda sezempilo emsebenzini kanye nezinsiza zosizo lokuqala, amarekhodi okwelashwa uhlolo lokuqala, olungezikhawu ezinqunyiwe kanye nolokugcina, kanye nemibiko yonyaka yezokulapha. Babuye baqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo zokuhlola ezokwelapha zisezingeni eliphezulu.
IHhovisi lezokweLapha eMsebenzini selibalule izimayini ezincane kanye nezimayini ezisezindaweni eziqhelile njengezimayini eziyinkinga. Lezi zimayimi azihambisani nezimfuno zoMthetho wokuhlola izimpilo zabantu kanye nokuqhubeka ziqaphe isimo sempilo. Imbangela yalokhu kungagcinwa komthetho-ke ukungabi khona kwezimali kanye nokungabi khona kwawongoti nawodokotela bezeMpilo zaseMsebenzini.
Ngenxa yokwanda kokwaziseka ngokwembuleleka kwabasebenzi basezimayini ezimweni ezingase zibe yingozi, iHhovisi lezokweLapha eMsebenzini lidlala indima eqavile ekuvikelweni kwempilo nokuphepha kwabantu abathintekayo okwenziwa ezimayini.
f USekelo lwabaPhethe kanye nolawulo lwangaPhakathi uSekelo kwabaPhethe kanye nolawulo lwangaPhakathi I-MSIC kuhlinzeka u-MHSI ngokwesekwa ngosizo lwasehhovisi nangobuchwepheshe. Lensizakalo imbandakanya ukuhlinzekwa kophatho-mali, ukukhishwa kwezitifiketi ngomsebenzi omuhle, ukwengamela uhlelo lwemiklomelo yoMkhandlu wezempilo nokuphepha eziMayini, ukwengamela uhlelo lwezethulo ezibhekiswe kwiKomidi eLawulayo kanye nezigunyazo zeBhodi yamaThenda kanye nokukhishwa kwezinhlawulo ngomsebenzi ongagculisi. Leli hhovisi libuye libhekele ukuthuthukiswa nokuphumeleliswa kwemithetho, kanjalo nokwenganyelwa kohlelo lweziMayini zaseNingizimu Afrika Mines lwezibalo ezibikekayo zezingozi South African Mining Accident Statistical System I-SAMRASS, eqopha izibalo zemizamo yokuphepha kulemboni. Lezi zibalo iningi lazo zitholakala kuminingwane eqoqwe isiZinda samaMinerali kumibiko eye ifunakale ezimayini.
I-MSIC ibuye ihlinzeke usizo losekelo ngomsebenzi wasehhovisi kuMhloli oPhetheyo eziMayini (I-CIOM) nabanye abayiziphathi-mandla eziphezulu zehhovisi lezokuhlola.
Ukudidiyelwa kwezinkambo zomhloli ophetheyo esifundeni lapho okusuke kubukiswa ngezinto ezintsha eziphathelene nokuphepha nezempilo kuzimayini ezinhlobonhlobo.
Ukusebenza kumakhomishani ehlukahlukene abahlolela izitifiketi zomsebenzi omuhle.
Ukuhlela iNgqungquthela yezeMpilo nokuPhepha eziMayini eyenzeka njalo emva kweminyaka emibili edingeka ngokwezimfuno ze-MHSA.
Ihhovisi lezokuhlola linehhovisi likazwelonke ePitoli kanye nayisishiyagalolunye esifunda kuleso naleso sifundazwe. Ihhovisi lesifunda liphathwa Umhloli oyiNhloko onolwazi olubanzi ngomsebenzi wokuphathwa nokusebenza ezimayini. Inani labasebenzi behhovisi ngalinye ke lihambisana nomthamo nobungako bomsebenzi owenziwa yizimayini kuleso sifunda. amahhovisi ezempilo nokuphepha ehlukaniseke izigaba ezibanzi ezingukudepha eziMayini, Imishini yaseziMayini, ezempilo zasemsebenzini kanye nezokwelapha emsebenzini.
Kungabe amaHhovisi okuHlola aseziFundeni enzani?
Umsebenzi omkhulu wamaHhovisi okuHlola aseziFundeni ukukhuthaza nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa koMthetho nemithethomgomo ezimayini ezifundeni zawo. Abanye babaHloli beziFunda baye basebenze kumathimba emikhankaso nakumaqembu anxantathu asebenza ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokulawula eziwuhlaka.
Iyini injongo yamaHhovisi okuHlola aseziFundeni?
Elekelela abaqashi basezimayini ekuvimbeleni ngokunga ngamandla abo, izingozi nokukhinyabezeka kwempilo kubasebenzi nabanye abantu abanokuthinteka okwenzeka ezimayini.
Kungabe amaHhovisi okuHlola aseziFundeni ahlose ukufinyelela kanjani kule njongo na?
Asebenzisa uhlaziyo oluhleliwe lwezindawo ezisemqoka, bese abahloli benza ucwaningo-msebenzi olunzulu, kuthi lapho kunesidingo kusetshenziswe izixazululo ezifanelekile, lokho kwenzeka ngempumelelo uma bekhona abasebenzi abanokuwenza lowo msebenzi futhi nangokuhambisana nohlelo lwemisebenzi.
Kwenzekani uma kwenziwa ucwaningo-msebenzi?
Umhloli uye alandele uhlelo oluthize eqopha futhi ehlaziya izinga lokugcinwa koMthetho, imithethomgomo, imigomo yokusebenza, imiyalelo yabaphathi, amazinga okwenza umsebenzi, nokusebenza okuseqophelweni embonini. Umhloli unakho futhi ukuthi asebenzise uhla lokuhlola ngenkathi enza ucwaningo-msebenzi.
Lwenzeka nini ucwaningo-msebenzi?
Izingcwaningo misebenzi zenzeka noma inini lapho kubonakala isidingo sazo. Ukwenzeka kwazo kunqunywa uhlaziyo lwezindawo ezikhombisa isidingo sokubhekisiswa, izikhalazo ezitholakele nangokuhambisana nezinhlelo ezithize.
Uphenyo luye luqalwe nini?
Umhloli omKhulu weziMayini uye ajube umhloli ukuba aphenye nganoma iyiphi ingozi kumbe isehlo sasemayini esiba nomphumela wokufa kwanoma imuphi umuntu.
Noma iziphi izinsolo zokuphambana, kumbe ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nanoma isiphi isigaba nomgomo waloMthetho.
Omele ezempilo nokuphepha kumbe ikomidi lezempilo nokuphepha emayini; noma iii Uma engekho omele abasenzi kwezempilo nokuphepha, umsebenzi wasemayini.
Yiziphi izinkinga ezinkulu abaHloli beziFunda abaye bahlangabezane nazo mayelana nokuPhepha eziMayini?
Abahloli sebehlonze izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu ezimayini: ukusweleka kwamakhono okukwazi ukuhlonza izimo eziyingozi kanye namakhono okuhlola isimo sobungcuphe. Ziye ziholele emazingeni aphezulu engcuphe, lokhu okube sekudala izingozi.
Yiziphi izinkinga ezinkulu abaHloli beziFunda abaye bahlangabezane nazo mayelana nezeMpilo eziMayini?
Inkinga ehlonzwe abahloli eyokuthi kakukho ukuqonda ngamanyathelo ezempilo nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngempumelelo embonini, yize kuyilokhu kubanjwa imihlangano, kunezinhleli nemikhankaso yezempilo eyenziwa abaphathi kanye nabasebenzi bomnyango I-DME.
Kungabe amaHhovisi okuHlola aseziFundeni awudumisa kanjani umthetho eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi?
Asebenzisa amaphephandaba ezempilo nokuphepha, amapheshana okusakaza izindaba zezempilo nokuphepha, babuye benze namawekishobhu afanelekile malungana nezempilo nokuphepha lapho okuye kudingidwe kubuye kuchazwe kabanzi lemithetho. Babuye basebenzise i-webhusayidi yakwa-DME kanye neNgqungquthela yezeMpilo nokuPhepha eziMayini ukusakaza umthetho omusha.
Kungabe banamaphi amandla abaHloli na?
Ngokwezinhloso zokuqapha kumbe ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho i-MHSA unokungena emayini noma ngasiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kwesaziso sokwenza njalo kumbe incwadi emgunyazayo.
Unokufaka imibuzo noma yimuphi umuntu nganoma iluphi udaba oluthintwa uMthetho.
Unokucela noma imuphi umuntu olawula, kumbe ophethe noma yimuphi umbhalo, lokho kumbandakanya kodwa kungagcini nje kuphela, kwipulani, ibhuku noma irekhodi, ukuba amnike lowo mbhalo ngaleso sikhathi kumbe ngesinye isikhathi nasendaweni ezodingwa umhloli.
Unokuhlola noma yiyiphi into, uketshezi kumbe umshini, noma yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwe; kumbe noma isiphi isimo.
Unokuhlwitha noma yimuphi umbhalo, into, uketshezi kumbe umshini noma ingxenye kumbe isampula yako; futhi enze noma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi oyalelwe.
Unokunikeza noma yimuphi umyalelo onesidingo ukuvikela impilo nokuphepha kwabantu emayini, uma umhloli ekholwa ukuthi noma yisiphi isehlo, isenzo noma isimo emayini kubeka noma kungase kubeke impilo noma ukuphepha kanoma imuphi umuntu emayini engozini.
Unokwenza uphenyo ngengozi eyehlile emayini kumbe ma kunesigulo esibangelwe ukusebenza emayini.
Uhamba ufikephi umsebenzi we MHSI?
Ihhovisi lezokuhlola libhekela iMboni yezokumbiwa Phansi enezikhungo ezingaphezulu kwama- 700 ezibhalisiwe nezinabasebenzi abalinganiselwa ku- 400 000.
Yiziphi izigaba zokungenelela zika MHSI ngonyaka?
Kuyilungelo lakho njengomqashi ukuthi uholwe ngu-MHSI ekuphumeleliseni uMthetho olawula ezeMpilo nokuPhepha eziMayini (MHSA) nemithetho-mgomo ehambisana nawo. I-MHSI ingakusiza futhi ukuthi uqonde uMthetho. Kungumsebenzi wakho ke kodwa, ukuba umhloniphe u-MHSI, uqonde iqhaza lakhe ekugcinweni komthetho nanokuthi welekelele abahloli ekwenzeni umsebenzi wabo. Nangaphezu kwakho konke, I-MHSI ingumlingani wakho kwezempilo nokuphepha.
Kungabe ngokwehhovisi lezokuhlola, uhlelo olwengamele ezempilo nokuphepha kufanele lumbandakanyeni?
Abaqashi kulindeleke ukuba basungule izinhlelo zokwengamela ezempilo nokuphepha ezibhekela ngqo izimo zakulezo zimayini ezizokube zisetshenziswa kuzona. Kodwa-ke, ihhovisi lezokuhlola, lilindele ukuba izimayini zicabange ukwenza okuhle kunakho konke nasezingeni lomhlaba lapho zakha futhi zifezekisa izinhlelo zazo zokwengamela ezokuphepha. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlelo kufanele ziqukathe izingxenye eziqavile zenqubomgomo, ukuhlela, ukwenza amasu nokuphumelelisa, ukuhlolisisa kanye nokwenzelwa ukuphucula.
Kungabe kunanzuzo yini ukuvakashela komhloli emayini jikelele?
Umhloli uqinisekisa ukuthi abaphathi bemayini bahlonze izimo ezingadala ingozi (isisusa kumbe ukwembulekela ingozi) kanye nezingcuphe (ukuthi mhlasimbeni kungalimaleka emsebenzini kumbe kulamale abantu) ezingayamaniswa nalezi zimo ezingadala ingozi. Abahloli babuye babukisise uhlelo lokucwaninga isimo sobungcuphe kanye nemiphumela yalo.
Ngokuhambisana noMthetho we-MHSA, banawaphi amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcina kwalo mthetho abahloli na?
Amandla e-MHSI okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa koMthetho ambandakanya ukukhipha izaziso zokugcinwa kumbe zokuvalwa ngokuhambisana nezigaba zama- 54 nama-55 zoMthetho, ukukhishwa kwezijeziso ngokungasebenzi kahle kanye nokwenza izincomo zokushushisa.
Kungabe lamandla okugcinisa umthetho asetshenziswa kanjani na?
Kukhona izindlela ezingahlelwanga zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho njengezeluleko nezexwayiso ezikhishwe ngumhloli ngenkathi kwenziwa uhlolo. Lendlela ithatha ukuthi abantu bazokuzigcinela ngokuzikhethela umthetho. Lapho isexwayiso sishaywa indiva, umhloli usengasebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezithi kaziqine ekuvimbeleni ukuphulwa komthetho. Lezi sezingambandakanya izaziso zokwenza ngcono, izijeziso zensebenzo engagculisi, ushushiso, kanye nezaziso zokuvala.
Yiluphi uhlobo lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho olusetshenziswa AmaHhovisi okuHlola aseziFundeni na?
ucwaningo misebenzi nophenyo lwansuku zonke.
uhlolo nocwaningo misebenzi oluhlelelwe izikhathi ezithize kanjalo nolwezikhathi ezingamenyezelwanga.
Ukuxoxa kwabaphathi ngemibiko yohlolo misebenzi nophenyo kwansuku zonke.
Ukumiswa kwezindawo okusetshenzelwa kuzo.
Ngingasiphikisa yini isinqumo somhloli?
Yebo, kodwa kufanele ulandele inqubo ebekwe kusiGaba-57 soMthetho. Ungadlulisa udaba nganoma yisiphi isinqumo esenziwe ngumhloli uludlulisele ku- CIOM zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30 sithathiwe bese uhlinzeka nezizathu zokudlulisa kwakho udaba.
I-MHSI iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho wonkana we-MHSA uyagcinwa. Ngakho-ke, ilungelo lakho lokusebenza endaweni ephephile nenempilo liyagcineka.
Kungabe ihhovisi lezokuhlola lilwenza nini uphenyo oluyisiphesheli?
Uphenyo oluyisiphesheli lwenziwa uma kwenzeke izingozi eziningana emayini eyodwa esithubeni esifushane. Kuvame ukuthi kuhlelwe imihlangano nabaphathi nezinyunyane ukuze kudingidwe isimo.
Kungabe I-MHSI iwuhlela kanjani umsebenzi ngobumqoka bawo ukuze isebenze ngempumelelo nokuthi isebenzise isikhathi nemithombo yayo ngendlela enenzuzo na?
Lihlonza izimayini ezinezinkinga ezinkulu ngokusebenzisa inqolobane eyisigcina-lwazi sezempilo nokuphepha.
Libhekisa ukuhlolwa nocwaningo-msebenzi kulezi zimayini amahlandla aze abe maningana.
Lisebenzisa lezi zingcwaningo zezinhlelo nezimo njengezikhali zokuhlonza izingozi nezimo zengcuphe.
Likhipha imiyalelo lapho kunesidingo.
Liphenya ukuma nezimo ukuze livumbulule okuyizona zimbangela zezingozi.
Lijikelezisa ulwazi mayelana nezingozi ezithize kubona bonke ababambiqhaza.
Ngokwemvamisa, imboni yaseNingizimu Afrika ibiye ibike amaZinga okulimala ngokusebenzisa unombolophansi ongu "abantu abangu 1000 abasemsebenzini". Kodwa kusukela nge-1999, sekubalwa izingozi namaZinga okuFa "ngezigidi zamahora asetshenziwe", lokhu okwenza kube lula ukuqhathanisa ingcuphe yakuleli neyakwamanye amazwe. Manje kusahlawumbiselwa ngenani langempela lamahora asuke esetshenziwe. Kuyakhathaza nokho ukuthi lokhu kuhlawumbisela akulivezi lonke iqiniso lamahora umuntu asuke embuleleke engozini ngawo (lokhu ke kuqondene nabasebenzi abasebenza emathunjini omhlaba), kodwa kuba yinani seliphelele lamahora umuntu esemsebenzini. ukuncipha "kwesigidi samahora asetshenziwe" kuzokuba nomphumela wezinga eliphezulu lokulimala nelokufa, lokhu okuzokhombisa ukwanda kobungcuphe. Ngakho-ke, kusemqoka kakhulu ukusebenzisa okuyiwona mahora angempela umuntu abembuleleke engozini ngawo, lokho kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga obungcuphe angathenjwa futhi awambozi iqiniso lobungcuphe obukhona ngokwempela.
Imininingwane eyethulwe ku Thebhula-3 ithathelwe kumininingwane ehlinzekwe u -MHSI (umbiko oyizibalo ofushanisiwe wezingozi onikezwe uMhloli oPhetheyo eziMayini ngesikhathi esisuka kumhlaka -1 Januwari, we-1984 kuya ekupheleni kuka- Disemba, 2002 futhi zicashunwe kusetshenziswa unombolo phansi we- "ngabantu abangu 1000 abasemsebenzini".) iThebhula liqukethe omabili amaZinga okuFa kanye namaZinga okulimala futhi lihlonza, ngaleso naleso sigaba, ukusebenza okuvelele eminyakeni engu-19 eyedlule. Ikakhulukazi, leli Thebhula liqhathanisa imininingwane yaphakathi kuka-1994 ne-2002. imininingwane emisha kunayo yonke iqhathaniswa naleyo ka-1994, lapho iKhomishani lika-Leon lenza uphenyo lase lithola ukuthi izinga lokufa nelokulimala lalibhilite ngendlela yokuthi kwakuphuthuma ukuthi kuthathwe amanyathelo okulungisa leso simo.
Omabili amaZinga okulimala nawokuFa kuzona "Zonke iziMayini" akhombise ukwehla kakhulu kusukela ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweKhomishani kaLeon yoPhenyo ngo-1994. Amazinga okufa nawokulimala ezimayini zegolide asengcono kanti nezinga lokulimala liphansi kunazo zonke izikhathi eminyakeni engu 19 eyedlule. Kepha ukufa nokulimala okuningi embonini yezokumbiwa phansi eNingizimu Afrika kusenzeka khona ezimayini zegolide. iZinga lokuFa ezimayini zamalahle selikhombise ubungcono obukhulu futhi nezinga lokulimala nalo liya ngokuya liba ngcono. amaZinga okuFa nawokulimala ezimayini zeplathinamu, akhuphukile ngendlela ekhathazayo, lokho kunga kube kubangelwa ukwanda kwenani labasebenzi abasebenza emathunjini omhlaba. Lemboni ibanga ukukhathazeka, njengalo kumkhakha we-plathinamu bebalelwa ku 18.4% wabantu abafa ngo-2002, uma kuqhathaniswa nesibalo sika-5% ngo 1994. amaZinga okuFa nawokulimalaezimayini zedayimane ayaguqu-guquka unyak nonyaka. Ngo-2002, izinga lokuFa laba libi kakhulu, kodwa elokulimala lona laba ngcono.
Yize kunganomehluko omkhulu ongadalwa uhlobo lomkhiqizo owembiwayo lokho kuhambisane nokwahluka-hluka kuzimo zobungozi kuhlobo ngohlobo lwemayini, kudinga mazilawulwe kakhulu nangendlela ezokuba nemiphumela. Ngakho-ke, iMboni yaseNingizimu Afrika kufanele ukuba yehlise amathuba obungcuphe abasebenzi bayo abambuleleke kuzimo eziyingozi kumanjena nje, ukuze iqhathaniseke kahle neyasemazweni angaphandle ngokwenza kahle. Njengalo inhloso-mbono ka MHSI kungukufinyelela kumaqophelo emukeleke kwelengabadi nangaphandle, izokuqhubeka izabalazele ukwelekelela imboni ekufinyeleleni kulawa maqophelo.
Izibalo zikhombisa ukuthi ukudilika komhlaba kuseyiyona mbangela enkulu yezingozi nokufa ezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika (buka umfanekiso 5), kanti lokhu kokubili kwenzeka kakhulu emkhakheni wegolide. Ukulahleka kwezimpilo nenani lezingozi ezinyantisayo okwenzeka mbonini khathilesi kungancishiswa kakhulu uma kungaqokwa futhi kusetshenziswe amasu akhona afanelekile okulawula, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kugcinwa amaqophelo aphezulu okulawula ugqinsi.
Izingozi ezidalwa imishini enyakazayo nezinqola yizona ezithatha isibili. Lezi zidalwa yizimo ezingekho ezingeni lokhu okungumphumela wamaphutah ezinhlelweni zokwengamela zasezimayini. Kuyinhloso ka MHSI ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaqashi bahlonza izimo eziyingozi futhi bacubungule ubungcuphe ukuze bakhe amasu okuziqeda, okuzilawula kanjalo nokuzinciphisa. Ngakho-ke, iMHSI yelekelela izimayini ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokusebenza ezinhle kunazo zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokumbiwa kwamaminerali.
Ngesikahthi seKhomishani kaLeon, zazingekho izibalo ezazingethenjwa zezifo ezadalwa ukusebenza embonini yezokumbiwa phansi eNingizimu Afrika. Okubi ke nje, yiko ukuthi namanje ayikabi khona iminingwane kuzwelonke engumthamo ophelele nokungathenjelwa kuyo. Inqolobane eyisigcina-lwazi equkethe iminingwane ngezifo ezitholakala ezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika South African Mines Occupational Diseases Database SAMODD, yila isanda kuqala nje ukuqoqa amasampula ambalwa emidanti ngezifo lezo. Njengalo kungaphoqelekile ukulethwa kwemibiko yezempilo ezimayini ngaphansi kwemithetho-mgomo, kuyisibopho sezimayini ukuba ukwethulwa kwamafomu e SAMODD ukuze lokho kusize ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo nokuvinjelwa kwezifo ezitholakala emsebenzini.
Esikhathini esiphambili, akuzange kwaqoshwa phansi futhi aluzange lwaqondwa ngokugcwele uqhathaniso phakathi kokwembuleleka kuzimo eziyingozi nokuba nezifo ezitholakala emsebenzini, lokho okwaholela ekutheni kungakwazeki kahle ukuvimbela lezi zimo nezifo zasemsebenzini. Ngalokho-ke, iMHSI yakha inqolobane eyisigcina-lwazi yezeMpilo zasemsebenzini ukuze kuyona kuqoshwe, kuqashelwe futhi kwenganyelwe loluqhathaniso. Isigcina-lwazi sizoxhunywa nakuzinhlelo zeminye iminyango ezinjengo SAMRASS no SAMODD ukuze kuhlonzwe okuyiyona yona misebenzi enengcuphe ngaphezu kweminye kanjalo nezindawo zokusebenzela eziyingozi.
Izifo zamaphaphu ezitholakala emsebenzini ziyimbangela enkulu enokuvinjelwa yokushesha komsebenzi ukuthatha umhlala-phansi nokufa kubantu abasebenza embonini yezokumbiwa phansi eNingizimu Afrika. Abasebenzi abanezifo zamaphaphu ezidalwa yizintuli baningi kakhulu kunalabo abalimala ezingozini emsebenzini. Phakathi kwabantu ababesebenza kuzo zonke iziMayini ngo 1998, izinga lokuFa lalingu 0.85 ngabantu abangu 1000 kanti izehlo zokulimala ezabikwa zaba ngu 6 064 (14.1 ngabantu abangu 1000).
Izifo zamaphaphu ezisemqoka kakhulu ezitholakala emsebenzini, ezidalwa izintuli, isifo esidala ukuminyana chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD, umdlavuza otholakala emsebenzini, isifuba somoya esitholakala emsebenzini, kanye nokulimala ngokuhogela njengalezo ezidalwa i-nitrogen dioxide nomlilo. Lemithelela emibi kangaka empilweni idalwa ikakhulukazi ukuhogelwa kwezinukubezi ezihamba nomoya. Kuya ngokuthi zakheke kanjani, izinukubezi ezihamba nomoya zingafakwa ngaphansi kweqembu lezintuli, umusi, inkungu, amagesi nomhwamuko.
Ngonyaka ka 2002 kuye ngokwehla kancane nje ukwembuleleka kwabasebenzi kuzinukubezi ezihamba nomoya (buka uthebhula 2). Noma kukhona ukuncipha kokwembuleleka, akuzuba yisimanga uma inani lezicelo zesinxephezelo lona landa, ngenxa yokuthi izifo ezitholakala emsebenzini ziyephuza ukuvela. Njengoba kungcono ke kodwa ukusivimbela isifo kunokuselapha, kufanele ingozi ilawulwe kumsuka wayo. Isibopho sokwehlisa izinga lokwembuleleka kwabasebenzi kuzinukubezi sinikezwa umqashi ke. IMHSI yakhipha umhlahla-ndlela ukuvikela nokuphucula impilo yabasebenzi ngokuqapha nokwehlisa ukwembuleleka kwabo kuzinukubezi ezihamba nomoya. Uhlinzeka isisekelo esihle sokuhlolisisa ukwembuleleka kwabo. NgokoMgomo wokuSebenza, yileyo naleyo mayini kudingeka ibeke amasu okulawula ukuze kwehliswe lawa mazinga obungcuphe. IMHSI ikhuthaza abaqashi ukuthi baqaphe isimo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi lawa masu okulawula ayasetshenziswa ngempela futhi ngempumelelo.
Umsindo yinto okuya ngokwanda ukuthi ibonwe njengengozi kubasebenzi basembonini yezokumbiwa phansi eNingizimu Afrika. Imboni yethule izinhlelo zokuvikela ukuzwa (amaHCP) ngo 1988. Kuhambe kwahamba kwase kuba yimpoqo ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlelo, ngoba izindlela zokusebenza ezinzima, eziyamaniswa nokumbiwa kwamaminerali, zibe nomphumela wokuthi inani eliningi labasebenzi lizithole lembuleleke kuzinga lomsindo elingaphezulu kwalelo elivumelekile elingu- 85 dB.
Izinguquko kumaphuzu abukwayo lapho kucutshungulwa isicelo sesinxephelo zikhuphule inani eliye likhokhwe ngezicelo zokulahlekelwa ukuzwa okudalwa umsindo (NIHL) wasezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika. Amaphuzu abuyekeziwe ehlisa izinga lomsindo elidala ukungezwa lasuka ku 42 laya ku 26 dB, lokho okumbandakanya ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa ku 3000 Hz. Selokhu kwaqalwa ukusetshenziswa lawamaphuzu abuyekeziwe (uMyalelo wangaPhakathi kaKhomishani weziNxephelo zabaSebenzi No. 168, 1995), sikhuphukile nesibalo sezicelo zokunxeshezelwa ngokulahlekelwa ukuzwa eMbonini yezokumbiwa phansi.
Ithebhuli-4 ukhombisa isiNxephezelo esikhokhiwe ngokulahlekelwa ukuzwa okudalwa umsindo kusukela ngo-1997. Lokhu kusinikeza inkomba yobubanzi balenkinga yokulahleka kokuzwa esikhathini esedlule. Ikusasa lona kodwa libukeka lingathembisi kakhulu, ngoba kumanjena kubikwa ukuthi balinganiselwa phakathi kuka -68% no -80% abasebenzi basezimayini abasasebenza ngaphansi komsindo ongu -85 dB nangaphezulu, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi inkulu impela ingozi yokulahlekelwa ukuzwa kuningi labasebenzi kulemboni.
Yize sekusungulwe izinhlelo zokuvikela ukuzwa-(HCP's), ubunjiniyela bokulawulwa komsindo kanye namasu okusebenzela ukulawula ingcuphe, lenkinga isayilokhu isemqoka. Ukuze kwehliswe izinga lengozi yokulahlekelwa ukuzwa, kufanele kubambisane wonke umuntu nabasebenzi, njengalo abasebenzi nabo benesibopho sokuvikela impilo nokuphepha kwabo, kanjalo nokwabanye abantu abathintekayo okwenzeka ezimayini.
I-MHSI iyilokhu iqondanisa imisebenzi yayo namasu-mgomo asemqoka ezwe, lokhu okuhambisanayo nezinjongo zalo. Lisiza izimayini ezincane nezingekho ngaphansi kohlelo ngokweseka uqeqesho nentuthuko emkhakheni wempilo nezokuphepha emsebenzini, ukuze kwehle ububha nokungalingani. Leluleka izimayini ngomthetho bese liyazisiza ukuba ziwuqonde. I-MHSI ibuye yelekelele imizamo yokulwa ne- HIV/AIDS ngemikhankaso yayo enjengo -Powerbelt Project neminye imikhankaso yokuqwashisa.
Izinguquko zakamuva nje ehhovisi lezokuhlola kanye nakumithetho eyengamele ezempilo nokuphepha ezimayini zenziwa ngenhloso yokuphucula ezempilo emsebenzini kanye nokusebenza ngokuphepha kwemboni, ukuqinisekisa ukwembiwa okuphephile kwamaminerali ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezinempilo. Ngakho-ke, i-MHSI iyilokhu isemshika-shikeni wokufinyelela kulenhloso nokwenza ngcono umsebenzi wayo waphambilini.
Ubani odinga ukwazi nge- MHSI?
Noma ubani osebenza kumbe onelungu lomndeni wakhe noma umngane osebenza ezimayini.
Ngingalutholaphi olunye ulwazi nge MHSI?
Ishicilelwe ngo 2003 uMnyango wezokuMbiwa Phansi namandla eNingizimu Afrika.
